Titus Andronicus Character Study

What do we learn about Titus Andronicus in the opening to Shakespeare’s play? Our first introduction to the character of Titus Andronicus is by way of a speech my his son, Marcus, who represents the voice of the common people in the election campaign for emperory, declaring that Titus Andronicus has been chosen by the people of Rome to be the next emperor. He hails Titus as a hero, saying that there is not a nobler or braver warrior to be found within all of Rome. He is obviously held in great esteem by Marcus, who calls him ‘good Andronicus’, and ‘Renowned’ Titus. These descriptions of him using the positive epithets are powerful yet very simple to understand. He is portrayed in a very positive light, and is well respected within Rome for his many years of military campaigns against the enemies of Rome. He returns a hero, with a claim to the title of emperor. However, his successes have not come without great person losses, as we learn he has buried many of his sons on return from his various military causes. The first insight we see into his character is one of cruelty and vengefulness, when he rejects Tamora’s pleas to spare her first-born son and is the perpetrator of extreme violence, sacrificing him in revenge for the deaths of his sons at the hands of the Goth’s, her people. This view of Titus as a merciless killer starkly contradicts what we had learned about him from Marcus, who led us to expect Titus to be honourable and good and sets the tone for the play as dark and brutal. The sudden violence is a shock, and we see that there are two sides to his character: the much loved hero and the ruthless warrior. Titus has fought for Rome for 40 years, so is quite old by Roman standards and though he has been chosen by the people to be their emperor, he feels that he is not suitable to rule: â€Å"A better head her glorious body fits, than his that shakes for age and feebleness. † Here he is saying that he feels he is no fit to rule an empire as glorious as the Roman Empire, and relinquishes he claim to rule. This humbleness of character is a huge contrast from the violent nature we saw him display when he demanded the death of Alarbus. He asks for a ‘staff of honour’ instead of a ‘sceptre to control the world’ and favours Saturnine to be emperor in his place, as he is the late emperor’s eldest son, showing that he values tradition over the far more virtuous character or Bassianus. He then shows loyalty to the unlikeable Saturninus over his own son, mercilessly killing him when he stands in his way. This second brutal act because of his slavish loyalty to Rome provokes even the violent Goths to declare that they are not ‘half so barbarous’ as Rome. The ‘honourable’ Titus that we were first introduced to actually shows contempt for honour in trying to force his daughter to break her betrothal, and his wild devotion to Roman customs causes more harm than good, especially to him; he quickly goes from being the favourite of Rome to being despised by Saturnine because of the betrayal of his family. His actions seem chaotic and random, yet follow the ongoing theme of revenge, making ‘Titus Andronicus’ a revenge tragedy.

Beta Blocker in Case of Heart Failure Essay

Introduction : Beta-blockers, also known as beta antagonists, beta-adrenergic blocking agents, or beta-adrenergic antagonists, are drugs that are prescribed to treat several different types of conditions, including hypertension (high blood pressure), angina, some abnormal heart rhythms, heart attack (myocardial infarction), anxiety, migraine, glaucoma, and overactive thyroid symptoms. Beta-blockers block the action of the sympathetic nervous system of the heart, thus reducing stress on the heart. The sympathetic nervous system activates the â€Å"fight or flight† response. It is part of the autonomic nervous system. Beta-blockers block beta-adrenergic substances, such as apinephrine (adrenaline) in the autonomic nervous system (involuntary nervous system). They slow down the heart beat, decrease the force of the contractions of the heart muscles, and reduce blood vessel contraction in the heart, brain, as well as the rest of the body. Generic Names:| Carvedilol / Metoprolol / Atenolol / Bisprolol / Propranolol / Timolol| Brand Names:| Coreg / Lopressor, Toprol XL / Tenormin / Zebeta / Inderal / Blocadren| How it is given:| Oral (tablet or capsule), intravenous (IV)| Indications : Doctors may prescribe beta-blockers for patients with tachycardias (rapid heart rates). They help patients with angina by lowering the amount of oxygen the heart muscles require. Angina pectoris occurs when the heart requires more oxygen than it is getting. Beta-blockers can help hypertensive patients because their effects on blood vessels lower blood pressure. Patients with hereditary tremors as well as those who suffer from migraines may benefit from taking beta-blockers. In other words, beta-blockers are known as beta- adrenoreceptor blocking agents and are used to treat: Commonly * Angina * Heart failure * High blood pressure (hypertension) * Irregular heart beat (atrial fibrillation) * Myocardial infarction (heart attack)   less commonly * Prevention of migraine * Thyrotoxicosis (overactive thyroid) * Anxiety * Tremor * Glaucoma (as eye drops) ————————————————- The first clinically useful beta adrenergic receptor antagonist was called Propranolol. It was invented by Sir James W. Black (born 1924), a Scottish doctor and pharmacologist. Sir James also synthesized Cimetidine (for the treatment of heartburn and peptic ulcers) and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1988. Propranolol revolutionized the medical management of angina pectoris – it is considered as one of the major contributions to clinical medicine and pharmacology of the 20th century. Mechanism of work : The use of beta blockers in heart failure is primarily associated with the medication’s effect on heart rate. The medication, by way of the sympathetic nervous system, decreases the patient’s heart rate, preventing the heart from having to work harder because of the condition. This effect was not considered desirable for heart failure patients when the medication was first studied, however. A lowered heart rate has the risk of worsening heart failure symptoms, but as research continued, beta blockers proved to have benefits that outweighed this risk. The exact etiology of the case of heart failure is of importance when a doctor is deciding whether to use beta blockers. A case that is present because of impaired ventricular filling, in contrast to a case caused by impaired ventricular emptying, seems to respond better to beta blockers in heart failure. In addition to their sympathetic action on heart muscle, beta blockers in heart failure influence the kidney’s renin/angiotensin system. Beta blocking medications cause the secretion of the hormone, renin, to decrease. As renin decreases, a cascade of events transpires that decrease the heart’s demand for oxygen. The cascade lowers extracellular fluid volume and increases the blood’s ability to hold and carry oxygen to body tissues. Beta blocker treatment can be supplemented, and is supplemented in most cases, with diuretics and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors that enhance this effect. Patients who have significant dyspnea — shortness of breath — while they remain at rest are among those who may not be candidates for treatment with beta blockers. Having severe dyspnea can increase the risks that are associated with beta blocker treatment. Some patients are considered hemodynamically unstable if their blood does not carry oxygen well, even under normal circumstances; these patients may not be good candidates for treatment either. Heart problems – for a patient with heart problems beta-blockers can reduce the workload for the heart; so that it does not have to work so hard to supply all parts of the body with oxygen-rich blood. For people with angina, heart failure, or after a heart attack, reducing the heart’s workload is crucial. Drugs Used in case of Heart Failure : * Propranolol * Metoprolol tartrate (Lopressor) and metoprolol succinate (Toprol XL)| * | * Carvedilol (Coreg)| * | * Bucindolol (Bextra)| * | * Bisoprolol (Zebeta)| * | Side Effects : The most common side effects are: * Cold feet * Cold hands * Diarrhea * Fatigue * Nausea * Very slow heartbeat The following less common side effects are also possible: * Sleeping difficulties and disturbances * Bad dreams (nightmares) * Erectile dysfunction (male inability to achieve or sustain an erection during sex) References : Myo clinic www.Hearthealthywomen.com http://www.wisegeek.com

Angelo, Escalus and the Duke present three kinds of ruler. How does Act I establish similarities and differences between them?

Act I sees the introduction of three important characters of the play, each taking up a different approach to authority. The Duke, Angelo and Escalus all use their power in a very different way, resulting in different consequences and effectiveness. The first position of authority we see in action is that of the Duke's. The opening scene alerts the audience to the fact that the Duke plans on leaving the city, for a reason which we are not made aware of, and that he plans on leaving Angelo in charge. As of yet, we do not know what sort of decision this is, because we do not have the substantial insight into the character of Angelo to be able to make a judgement. However, the Duke does comment on the fact that his first choice for ruler in his place was Escalus, â€Å"Old Escalus,/ Though first in question, is thy secondary.† This does give the audience more an insight into the Duke's decision. It may suggest that he is weary of his choices because he didn't just go with his first instinct, he thought about it and chose a less obvious candidate. This suggests that he may have deeper meaningful reasons as to why he has not elected his most obvious replacement, causing the audience to see him perhaps as a wise character, mayb e even cunning, both characteristics that would make a good ruler. However, one may question why it is that he has to leave in the first place. Although he claims that it is to do with a meeting with the King of Hungary, this is likely not to be the case (as retrospective audiences will know). The audience may be made to think that the city of Vienna has got into such a slack state in terms of laws and punishment, that it needs a solution. This would mean that the Duke's actions could be seen as cowardly. His plan involves him running away and leaving someone else, probably less capable of the job than he is, in charge with all of the power. One could see this decision as very careless and unwise, no matter what his ulterior motives may be. We see that Angelo, too, thinks that this may not be the best decision, â€Å"Let there be some more test made of my metal,/ Before so noble and so great a figure/ Be stamp'd upon it.† This shows that Angelo thinks he may not be able to do the job as well as the Duke thinks he can. We might expect him to be ecstatic that the Duke has elected him to be his replacement, but instead he questions his own ability. This allows us to doubt the Duke's decision and wonder how good a ruler he really is. He decides to take a much more passive role in â€Å"ruling†, causing us to wonder if he is fit for ruling at all. This could be seen as an act of fear, suggesting he may be too afraid to start being a strict ruler and using his authority. As a Duke, it is likely that he will be in the public view a lot of the time, causing his every action to be scrutinized. His decision to run away and put somebody else in his place could be a result of cracking under the pressure of society constantly judging all his choices. Of course Act 1 scene iii shows us what is really behind the Duke's plan. Here he openly admits to being too kind a Duke, â€Å"We have strict statutes and most biting laws†¦Which for this fourteen years we have let slip.† This confirms our suspicions that the Duke has not been the best, most consistent ruler. Vienna has gone into a state of slackness, where some vital laws no longer apply. He suggests to the Friar that Angelo is the more appropriate man to awaken all these laws than himself. This, again, could be because the Duke is scared of looking like an evil person and being judged. However, the Duke does seem to put good reason behind his thinking. He says that because it was him that let the laws become so slack in the first place, it would seem hypocritical of him to suddenly enforce these laws after letting them be for so long. One may be able to empathise with this idea, agreeing that maybe to ensure new laws are kept and taken seriously, then a new ruler must come into play. Of course, the Duke thinks of the perfect way to introduce a new ruler and yet still hold his authority over the city, pretending that he is leaving temporarily and is in need of someone to take his place. Here is where we gain our insight into Angelo as a ruler. In Act 1 scene ii, we learn that Claudio has been sentenced to death for sleeping with Juliet. This is at the hand of the new and temporary ruler, Angelo. The audience is immediately thrust into the position that Angelo has been put in and is made to quickly judge what kind of decisions he is making. One may argue that his strict imposition of the laws is a good decision as a new ruler as he has not yet established himself or what kind of Duke he will be. This complies with the contemporary ruler at the time, King James I of England, who wrote in his book Basilikon Doron, â€Å"And when ye have by the severitie of justice once settled your countries, and made them knowe that ye can strike, then may ye thereafter all the days of your life mixe justice with mercie, punishing or sparing, as ye shall finde the crime to have been wilfullie or rashlie committed, and according to the by-past behaviour of the committer.† This quote from James I suggests that a ruler should first establish himself as a good and fair ruler who wishes to strive for justice by punishing those who go against it. Once his people know that he is serious about the laws of his country, then a good ruler can use judgement to punish where appropriate. This supports the actions of Angelo, who is put in the difficult position of trying to establish himself in a city that is already corrupt because of his predecessor. The audience may sympathise with him due to the situation that the Duke has left him in. However, we could argue that this strictness will inevitably put an innocent man to death. It may be suggested that the best choice for Angelo would be to use better judgement when considering which laws to enforce again and which to just let lie. This could be seen as Angelo being inexperienced and naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve, something which again may bring us to pity him being submerged into this position of authority. One could even interpret Angelo as being a nasty, cruel man who wishes to abuse his power that he has been given, especially as it is only temporary. However, the reluctance with which he took up the position suggests that this is not the case and the more likely case is that he fears being rejected, possibly even mocked, by his people and as a result he wishes to take a leaf out of James I's book and imposes order among Vienna. A much more compromised ruler would be that of Escalus. Although Act 1 sees very little of his ruling skills, we do hear the reputation he holds and the respect that the Duke seems to have for him. As said before, the Duke states that Escalus would have been the obvious first choice for his temporary replacement, and yet he changes his mind. This may suggest that the role of the Duke may lead to some form of lesson that may need to be learnt by the Duke's choice. He may think that Escalus would not gain anything from the role as he is already too wise and knowledgeable about mankind, â€Å"Your own science/ Excceds, in that, the lists of all advice/ My strength can give you†. This shows the respect that the Duke has for Escalus and how aware he is of Escalus' already existing abilities. This may explain why he feels that Escalus would not benefit from leading Vienna whilst the Duke is away. However, you could argue that this may not be the best angle to choose a ruler from. It seems that the Duke may be choosing a ruler from the point of view of who it would benefit most but what he should perhaps be doing instead is thinking about who will benefit the city most and who will be the most effective ruler. It seems that Escalus would possibly have been a wiser choice. In spite of this, the fact is that Escalus will be there to guide Angelo no matter what decision he makes. This means that he is there should Angelo feel the need for any assistance and it also means the Escalus will indeed have some power and authority over the rest of the city. This allows the audience to see what kind of ruler he is anyway, even though he is not the highest authority around. This produces a direct comparison between the three as rulers and means that the audience is able to compare them in turn as they each show their signs of rulership. In conclusion, it appears that each character that is presented as a ruler takes up a different corner in terms of how they each approach their position of authority. While the Duke has recognised that he has been too leniant in recent years, it could easily be suggested that his actions are cowardly and even unwise. Angelo, on the other hand, sees the opportunity to enforce laws that have not been in place. This seems to be the aim of the Duke's plan, yet one may question to what extent the Duke wished Angelo to force these laws on the people. This makes us assume that Angelo has taken almost the complete opposite approach to the Duke. Escalus, however, seems to provide a contrast between both the Duke and Angelo. Whilst he does not seem like the type to let people get away with anything, he also does not seem like the type to put innocent, decent men to death. It seems to me that Escalus is the character who follows James I's advice the best, using his judgement and circumstances t o provide honest justice.

The Chinese Zombie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Chinese Zombie - Essay Example . Zombies are portrayed as â€Å"beings† operating in the universe that hardy understand or care to understand. In this speech, I focus on Chinese Zombie, also known as jiangshi, and how they influence Chinese cultural identity. The account is based on chapter eight, Gothic monster and Chinese cultural identity: analysis of the note of ghoul, from the book "Thinking Dead: What the Zombie Apocalypse Means." In the Chinese culture, the Chinese zombies are categorized as either male or female for particular reasons. In the Note of Ghouls, resurrected zombies have their gender as male. The female zombie that existed was later on adjusted to a ghost. A reason for this could be that it was only those bodies that had least deterioration that could be resurrected back as zombies. In most cases, it was only the bodies of tomb owners that were well preserved. Historical accounts of Chinese society indicate that it was of patriarchal nature, thus implying that tomb owners were male. Women ended up being buried alongside the owner just as mortuary bodies. It is thus presumed that the feeling of resentment for being sacrificed in favour of the tomb owner drove them to convert into lingering ghosts upon their deaths. Also, there exist accounts that assert that women bodies were used to cultivate the male zombies. Generally, female gender was not given much credit as to the male gender.

Teaching Method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Teaching Method - Essay Example He does not experience but take inspirations. He does not try to understand but believe in what the teacher says. The student knows that density is mass per unit volume but he does not know what is density; what mass is indicated And what volume are they talking about. The present educational programs are not as good as they should be. Presently the teachers are not fulfilling their task of educating the students properly. Thus a proper system should be developed by the teachers which pave a way for the students to prosper. This article would further give a review about how the students should be taught in a proper manner. Nowadays the college in which I am studying does not focus on building up the students own views. Instead the teachers focus on the views portrayed by them only. For e.g. the teachers give their view in such a way that the students cannot put in their own thoughts into the subject. This type of educational system is ruining the student's future as in the future these students are not capable to put in their own thoughts if any future situation arises. As described by Paulo Friere the present teaching system does not enlighten the students about their studies. It just describes the teachers own feelings and views. The professors nowadays are not giving in different views on the subjects, instead they are just telling one side of the story. This therefore leads the students to have a particular belief derived from their teacher's views. While the teaching system which should be developed all over should include the overall concepts of teaching, it is the duty of the teachers to give i n both the perspective on a particular topic. They should focus on enlightening the students rather then making the students store the views of the teachers themselves. The teachers are using their designation wrongly and are posing the students a threat. This threat is very dangerous if seen from a student's perspective. The teachers are wrongly using their power to influence the students about one particular topic even if it is wrong or right. This clearly can be seen in a recent incident which happened in the University of Wisconsin when Kevin Barret a professor in the University gave his views on the 9/11 attacks. The views given in by the professors were not proved and rather one sided supported by his own thoughts and perspectives. As the professor had influence on some of the students of the University they took it as reality. This shows that how biased one teacher can be when presenting a topic. The students interviewed during this research clearly showed that their views an d perspectives were similar to that of the teachers. When interviewed they were not fully aware of the facts on one given thought. This shows that the teachers are not providing the students with both the ground facts on one topic, but are rather emphasizing on a one sided story. Thus it is necessary for the teaching system to improve in such a way that it is beneficial for the students. For the teaching system to enhance it is necessary that the teachers provide the students with adequate discussion in the class on a particular topic. Students should be allowed to put in their own personal views when addressing a topic. They should be provided with proper guidance by the teachers so they can pursue a topic. Nowadays the professors are indoctrinating their students rather than educating them. However this

Main Themes Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Main Themes - Assignment Example The most important theme of Acuna’s book is to view the Mexican history in complete isolation and to understand their individuality that has been influenced by foreign elements but not completely dominated by them. The Spanish invasion expanded from Mexico to various parts of southwest America, including Texas. With their ever-increasing influence, the indigenous population was then relegated to the status of slaves and the changing roles women were also attributed to the reforms brought about by Spanish invaders, who slowly dominated almost every aspect of their life. The invaders exploited the resources that the region was abundantly endowed with. (Acuna, 2010) The resistance from the Natives then provides an explanation for the friction between the communities that has been reported in the subsequent years. The Mexican population has suffered from great discrimination and was vastly marginalized in the society. This is the main purpose behind Acuna’s writings that aims to highlight the fact that Mexican population once reigned over the region where they are treated more or less like second rate citizens. Acuna has tried to breakdown the misconceptions that were exploited by the colonizers to brand their race as inferiors. The chapters provide a sound historical background, but on a personal level I feel intrigued by the evolution of Mexican culture that took place as a result of these

Report and roadmap about an emerging technology Essay

Report and roadmap about an emerging technology - Essay Example chnology roadmap that sets out key milestones and activities occurring in the course of developing the technology, milestones in technical development required in the future, and key activities for supporting future technical as well as commercial development of the project. In addition, other relevant factors for its past or its future are considered. The milestone in developing the artificial uterus can be attributed to development of the artificial placenta. A significant progress in the pump technology and the oxygenator has allowed the development of the artificial uterus to focus in the direction of the physiological role model in the coming years. Again, this development has been enhanced by the invention of the novel pump-less assist device. The milestones required in the technical development in the future include submersion, inflammatogenicity and thrombogenicity, and cannulation. These requirements are discussed further in the paper. They are initiated in the presence of various aspects that are considered in the development of the artificial uterus such as artificial endometrium, artificial placenta, and synthetic amniotic fluid. For the artificial endometrium, the interior lining of the uterus has to have the same features as the natural one. Regarding the artificial placenta, it has to in a position of developing on the endometrial wall or as an external device and its capacity has to allow nutrients, gaseous exchange and eliminate waste products. The synthetic amniotic fluid on the other hand would be considered an important component in the success of the project. Regarding its future market, the development of the artificial uterus is a safer way for women. Ladies will able to have children without the cost of labor pains or cesarean surgery scars. Moreover, it gives women, who have childbearing difficulties, the opportunity to have children. Women will have the liberty that would not have come with having a normal pregnancy, as keeping up with

Torture under International Criminal Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Torture under International Criminal Law - Essay Example Facts reveal that it can be committed at times of war and at peace, to a prisoner of war, a suspected civilian or a common criminal. It is defined in various international and regional laws, conventions and statutes in an attempt to curb its practice by numerous states. While originally covered in international human rights and international humanitarian laws, a number of theorists relegated it to another branch international law – that of international criminal law. The prominent definition of torture is embodied in section 1(1) of Convention Against Torture 1, to wit: â€Å"any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in or incidental to lawful sanctions† (Torture and Ill-Treatment n.d., para. 4). Four elements must exist to be considered torture under the definition, which are: a) the act must be done with intent, b) there is extreme pain and suffering , c) done for the purpose of eliciting information or other objectives, and d) consented by a public official (Torture and Ill-Treatment n.d.). The second element poses issues and disagreement as to the determination of pain and suffering, being subjective to the victim (Torture and Ill-Treatment n.d.). The same degree of pain can produce different effects upon a strong young man and an old sickly person (Torture and Ill-Treatment n.d.). While ill-treatment is not properly defined in the conventions, case

DUI class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

DUI class - Essay Example The maximum jail term for this is six months. Felony is where driving while intoxicated leads to injuries one can be given a penalty which may include up to three years of imprisonment. In California it is against the law to drive while intoxicated or having alcohol or any other drugs that compromise thinking and judgment. Section 23152 of the California Vehicle Code (CVC) prohibits any person having 0.08% or more alcohol in the blood system from driving a vehicle. For the District Attorney to successfully convict a suspect he/she is burdened to prove that the person had 0.08% plus BAC and was driving. When arrested for DUI one can demand a hearing with the DMV in ten days after receiving a suspension or order revoking his driving license. If it is found there was no basis then the revocation is set aside and the suspected is notified in writing by DMV. On suspicion of DUI the law requires that the officer immediately forwards duly completed revocation or suspension notice together the driver’s license if confisticated and a sworn file to the Department of Motor vehicles. DMV will review the filed report, the order of suspension or revocation as well as resu lts of the test and if upheld then you may contest by requesting to be heard. The brain of a human is contains three main parts; the forebrain encompasses cerebrum, thalamus and hypothalamus parts. Midbrain has tectum and tegmentum parts while cerebellum, medulla and pons form the hindbrain or brainstem. Cerebellum regulates and coordinates locomotion, balancing and posture. Limbic system which consists of a amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus and thalamus is associated with emotions while brain stem or hindbrain controls vital functions of life including the heartbeat, ventilation, and the pressure of blood in our vessels. The brain is therefore a very vital nervous organ controlling many nerves. The seat belt is an important aspect of car safety; it holds a passenger in position such that this passenger

Individual Case Assigment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Individual Case Assigment - Essay Example Since Liemandt has built the company on the principle that a businessperson must be willing to take risks and be innovative, their new employees technical skills learning usually begin in a model of brainstorming and discussion. By putting their heads together, the TU help new Trilogy employees share ideas and learn all sorts of complexities in programming. They acquire technical expertise and skills in this manner, and in many cases, come up with something new for Trilogy. While learning through sharing of ideas, TUers also undergo technical training dubbed â€Å"tech track.† Here. TUers learn core skill, which include software testing methods and java programming. Liemandt provides a challenge and demonstrates how they can come together as a team and achieve a common objective. He makes sure that they are able to work as a team by organizing social activities and teams building activities such as taking them to Las Vegas. Because the culture of the business has been willingn ess to take risks, he always plays a game with them to drive home his point. He plays L2K with them to encourage them to be risks takers as he considers the organization was born out of risk taking. Another change that new Trilogy members learn in the TU teams is the organization values. There are section â€Å"leads† instil in the TU teams how the company operates and how it relates with its customers. In terms of how well a new TU team of employees learn technical skills, values and culture, one can observe that Liemandt has barred manager from involving any new team during their training periods until they are assigned to them. This way, the new team has all the time to learn about Trilogy as much as possible. The TU policy, consequently, ensure that a new team is able to concentrate on learning new technical skills. Such freedom and Liemandt’s protection policy makes sure that the team learns well about the culture and values of the company and change to adapt to i ts needs. The fact that the team is separated from the other departments also helps in making sure that there is clear communication in the team. It also ensures consistency in all instructions given by the selected As Kurt Lewin observes, the more one feels the necessity for change, the more there is the motivation to do it. Liemandt may be observed to have developed an unfreezing stage where he went on an aggressive search for new skills for to start his idea of the TU team. His Force Field Analysis presented him with factors for change although he knew that doing so was a risk. Therefore, one can say that although TU helps new Trilogy members learn skills, values and culture of their new organization, the current state is that the program may he headed towards a lag phase. The future state of the organization should be one in which emerging issues about the TU team is addressed as a matter of concern (Burnes 983). As assessment of the effectiveness of TU in its first five years f or the organization can be examined on the following manner. First, Liemandt formed TU programs on realizing that he had a vision, but which he saw that the old employees might not embrace. This is why he got involved with the first TU team as the first teacher although he had neither plan nor curriculum. From the start of the program to the end, one can say that TU was ultimately effective for the organizat

An Educational Counseling Research Proposal Essay Example for Free

An Educational Counseling Research Proposal Essay Abstract Educational counseling and guidance on the basis of the effects brought about by the media on the learner is essential in the proper development of personality and behavior. Due to the fact that learning process can be measured by the behavior exhibited by an individual, it can be considered as the main indication in the research conducted. The aim of the research is to determine the possible effects of the entertainment media such as television and computers on the development of aggressive behavior of the learner. Upon the determination of such data seek possible methods of guidance. Effect can be studied based on the results of a quantitative educational research that covers 100 students, 6 to 16 years old both male and female, undertaken through survey research. Introduction There are different ways of learning which can be used and applied in educational process. The knowledge on the effective learning techniques can be considered as an essential factor to be able to attain the goals of education. The different types of learning process guide the educators on the most effective ways of attaining the goals which is learning. Included in the types of learning techniques are the behavioral influences brought about by the different factors in the society. One of the most influential factors in the development of the learner is the media. In the behaviorist point of view in lined with the scientific study of Pavlov and Skinner that behavior is a measurable concept in learning process (Griffin, Holford, and Jarvis, 2003). Thus, on the perception of the effects of media on the learner, one of the ways in the determination of the influencing effects of the mass media is through the behavior being shown by the learner. This is similar to the target learning process. Anderson and Collins (1988) have pointed out that television has an impact not only in children’s pre-pubescent behavior but can also affect adolescent behavior. The main goal of the study is to determine the effects of the media on the behavior of the learner and ultimately present educational counseling methods suitable to manage behavioral problems that are developed, particularly aggressive behavior. There is growing concern regarding increasing aggression and violent behavior among children and adolescents this past decade and media is has been one of the factors being Juvenile delinquency has been increasing progressively not only in number but also in gravity (Snieckute, 2004) The shall be undertaken through the synergy of the library-based and the observation and experimental research that will focus on the effects of the media such as television and related information tools on the development of the different aspects of the personality of the individual. The research is in-lined with the possible behavioral problems that can be expressed by the individuals under study. The study of the development of aggressiveness and violent actions as an effect of media in the development of the personality and behavior of the learner is important due to the fact that majority of he study surmised that the media is one of the major causes of the problems in behavior of the learner as a whole. More children are gaining access and are being exposed to media without or with deficient parental supervision and depend on television as their primary form of entertainment and information (Walma van der Molen van der Voort, 1999) This is due to the fact that observation and imitation of the situations in the surroundings is also an effective informal teacher not only cognitively but most especially on the behavioral aspect (Sylwester, 2005). Thus, the behavior of an individual can be both an influential factor that teaches other people and at the same time an indication of the person’s learning. To establish the effects of the media to the learner, researches conducted prior to this study will be surveyed and assessed. The background study will enable the establishment of concepts, prevailing theories and other current research investigations on the influence of media as part of the experimental study, an in-depth analysis of the results of the research survey will be one of the primary objectives The purpose of the study is to be able to determine the validity of television exposure as a major cause of the development of aggressive behavior among children. The objective will be achieved through the research both library-based and qualitative data gathering on the behavior influences of the group. The results of previous studies will be assessed and incorporated into the current research to establish the degree of influence of television to aggression in children. The proposed paper aims to answer the following key questions: †¢ Why is there concern regarding the development of aggressive behavior among juveniles or minors specifically ages 6 to 16 years old in relation to the exposure to media? †¢ What television practices or programming are critical in influencing behavior among juveniles or minors specifically ages 6 to 16 years old? †¢ What are the long term implications to the individuals and society of the development of early aggressive behavior among the test group? In line with the aim to test the hypothesis that the violence presented by the media specifically the television has significant effects on the development of the behavior of the children that can cause concern to educational guidance as well as regarding the detrimental effects of the media such as television to the behavior of the learner, theories on the psychological and behavioral norms serves as the bases for the divergence of attitudes and for the identification of deviant behavior that can cause alarm and leads to actions related to educational counseling. Review of Related Literature The proposed study is on the basis of the behaviorist approach to education. In this principle, learning can be measured by the observable traits and behaviors of the individual. The behaviorist point of view depicts the importance of expression of a person in the determination of a successful learning process. One of the most important is the process of conditioning that can be applied through the process (Griffin, Holford, and Jarvis, 2003). Another key concept that is related to the course of this study is the theories on conditioning. Conditioning that can be explained as the exposure to different affective factors in the environment that can affect both the cognitive and behavioral aspects of development. In the study of Sylwester (2005), it was discussed that learning is greatly affected by the emotions and attention capacity of an individual. In this case it can be identified that young children become more attracted to the television and the computer rather than any forms and tools of learning. According to Walma van der Molen and van der Voort (1999), children today retain more information form television viewing compared to reading. A critical concept presented in the study is the theory that television is catering more to the fact that children tend to be attracted to â€Å"changing environments† and more suited to the learning styles (visual and aural), a competency that Media has as strength (American Association of School Administrators, 1991; â€Å"Learning Styles†, 2006). The main concern that arises in relation to the behavioral influences brought about by these types of influences is the fact that television and computer games can present violence that can be imitated by the children and are subject to very little control within most homes. Based on the same study, it was presented that due to the fact that the development is composed of both the physiological and behavioral, education can also cause development of the brain (Sylwester, 2005). The study presented a scientific and physiological approach on the changes associated with the influences of the media to the children. The television and other forms of media were presented with fair treatment, presenting both the perceived advantages and disadvantages were presented. Based on the study conducted by Barker and Petley (2001), concern regarding media content is in relation to the behavior of the children is based on the effects of the programs shown in the television especially those that show violence. Although many studies have expressed such notion, based on the study, there is no convincing evidence that points and measures the interrelationship between the two. The researches argue that violence in the televisions has no direct relationship to the changes in behavior of an individual. The access to computer and the internet was surmised to have a very influential role in the development of the children. Like television, the internet and computers have provided new opportunities and realities for learning and education. Also included in the benefits that can be incurred is the development of children are cognitive improvement and communication skills. On the other hand, such freedom to be able to access the computer can greatly effect the possible behavior of the learners when exposed to violence, pornographic materials and other factors that has negative effects (Cleon and Cho, 2005). One of the conventional studies on the effects of media was presented by Johnson (2005). Based on this study, the computer games can bring about the development of analytical skills of children. The skills that can be developed are the problem-solving and logical skills. Various methodologies that can be applied in the course of the study as well flexibility of reference can be utilized. However, a systematic research should be employed to assess and analyze in the involvement and the effects of the media on the knowledge acquisition and cognitive skills of the children (Livingstone, 2004) Procedures To be able to achieve the projected results of the study, different procedure are needed to be employed. The target of the research to be conducted is to determine the effects that can be attributed to the forms of media such as the television and computers. This can be achieved through the employment of the synergy of the different methods of research. Included in the attainment of the educational research there are essential steps that are taken into consideration. The limitations of the study, the planning phase of the research process, and the decision on the most effective research technique to be undertaken are the primary considerations (Cohen, Manion, and Morrison, 2000). †¢ Document/ Study Research The library-cased research focuses on the studies conducted by contemporary researchers on the basis of concepts presented. This can be considered as the qualitative part of the research process that will be the basis of the analysis on the experimental study that will be undertaken (Cohen, Manion, and Morrison, 2000). An online research or related document will serve as another reference assessment method but also as a benchmark of the research to be conducted. Comparison and Contrast of existing and recently conducted researches will be assessed for their implications. †¢ The Experimental Research The experimental part of the research have two main objective: to assess the degree of aggressive behavior that can be attributed to exposure to television and computer games and to determine the specific content, elements or features that can be directly related to aggressive behavior. o Participants The inclusion criteria in the study are the minor students and learners that are between 6 to 16 years old. These are individuals that are exposed to the television and computer technology. ï‚ § Demography †¢ Equal distribution of male and females †¢ Age range is between 6-16 years of age †¢ Currently enrolled in public schools that incorporate television and computers into their curricula †¢ Participants must have access both to computer gaming or entertainment and television †¢ Have significant exposure to television and computer entertainment, minimum of 1 hour daily exposure or total of 7 hours exposure in a week. ï‚ § Psychographics †¢ Must not be pre-diagnosed with any atypical behavioral conditions †¢ View television and computers as primary sources of information, entertainment or distraction †¢ Has no strong opinion regarding the influence of television and computers to his behavior o Number The ideal number of subjects that will be used in the study is 100 randomly selected from the individuals that are chosen on the basis of the inclusion criteria such as age and the exposure to the television or computer. o Instrumentation The study will make use of the survey process specifically questionnaires for the determination of the opinions of the parents on the exposure of the children to the specified forms of media. The objective is to quantify the responses given by the sample population. The method targets the characteristic or issue of interest by soliciting answers through directed questions. Responses are recorded, measured, organized and analysed to be able to come up with the output. o Sampling Process The primary step required is the preparation of the questionnaires that is needed to elicit from the subjects information necessary to accomplish the objectives of the study. Questionnaire will be made to meet closely readability levels as needed by respondents. Randomization will be employed to be able to acquire the quality of the research results. Data gathering will follow validation of responses until number or samples needed are reached. o Validation and valuation The validity can be achieved though the validation techniques employed in the statistical sampling of random samples. Respondent’s validation will be done using demographic and psychographic criteria. Response validation will be indicated through successful accomplishment of survey forms. Valuation of sampling will be conducted through statistical analysis. Correlation analysis and significance testing will be conducted to establish the actual influence levels of television and computer to aggressive behavior and their impact to aggressiveness as a behavior respectively. †¢ Ethical Considerations The aims and the objective of the survey research are not to implicate any form of media to crimes or delinquencies but to be able to assess the viability of the theories on their influence to aggressive behavior developed by children. To be able to undertake such projects permission is sought from the sample population as well as their understanding of the objectives and procedure of the study. Consent from the parents or guardians and all other pertinent authorities must be acquired to facilitate the validity of the study as well as protect the interest of the participants. Results Results of the preliminary investigation showed the possible ways to determine the reasons for the concern of the public regarding the behavioral problems that is encountered. The preliminary research presents the overview of the possible justification of concern on the development of aggressive behavior of the children. The integration of contextual library-based and survey research will be presented to determine the validity of hypotheses and its pursuit as a further study. Discussion Based on the gathered data from initial research that was undertaken, a larger part of the population perceive the media as having as a negative influence only on behavior instead of it being a direct cause of behavioral problems in children and adolescents. Literature that showed the television, computer and other electronic visual media can contribute to learning, social orientation and perceptions but are not reflective or indicative of behavior for individuals The concern on the level of exposure to violence and pornography without the guidance of responsible educators, parents and guardians of young children Is considered as the most critical and urgent. Although there is cause for public concern regarding its content and control, the lobby is for responsible programming and reviews rather that greater restriction of limitation of access. References American Association of School Administrators (1991). Learning Styles: Putting Research and Common Sense into Practice. Arlington, VA: American Association of School Administrators Anderson, D., Collins, P. (1988). The impact on childrens education: Televisions influence on cognitive development. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement. Barker, M. and Petley, J (2001). Ill Effects: The Media/Violence Debate. New York: Routledge. Cleon, HJ and Cho, CH. (2005) Children’s Exposure to Negative Internet Content: Effects of Family Context. Journal of Broadcasting Electronic Media, 49 (4), p. 488. Cohen, L. Manion, L. and Morrison, K. (2000). Research Methods in Education. London: Routledge. Davis, J. (2002) Types of research methods. Psychological Research Methods 2. Retrieved on October 1, 2006 from http://www.naropa.edu/faculty/johndavis/prm2/types1.html. Griffin, C., Holford, J. Jarvis, P. (2003). The Theory Practice of Learning. London: Kogan Page. Johnson, S. (2005). Everything bad is good for you: How today’s popular culture is actually making us smarter. New York: Riverhead Books. Livingstone, S. (2004) A commentary on the research evidence regarding the effects of food promotion on children. Prepared for the Research Department of the Office of Communication, Department of Media and Communication. London: London School of Economics and Political Science. Snieckute, Marija (2004). Juvenile delinquency and the Family. Retrieved on October 1, 2006 from http://www.sociumas.lt/Eng/Nr16/nepilnameciai.asp Sylwester, R. (2005). How to explain a brain: An educator’s handbook of brain terms and cognitive process. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. Walma van der Molen, Juliette H. and van der Voort Tom H.A (1999). Children Remember More from Television Than Reading. Retrieved on October 1, 2006 from http://www.selfhelpmagazine.com/articles/child_behavior/kidsntv.htm Appendix 1. Age _________ 2. Sex _________ 3. Are you married? _________ 4. Do you have children? _________ 5. Do you have school children? _________ (Refers to school children age 6 – 16 years old only) 6. Are they watching TV almost everyday? _________ 7. How many hours spent in watching TV everyday? _________ 8. Having hard time in stopping them to watch TV? _________ 9. Do they sleep late at night because of TV? _________ 10. Are they committing invalid absences frequently? _________ 12. Do you think too much time in watching TV is the cause of this? _________ 13. Do you think their grades are good, maintained and not going down? ________ 14. Did they normally pass all the subjects? _________ 15. Do you get feedback that they are sleepy in the class session? _________ 16. Do they prefer TV than basketball or other sports? _________

Organizational Outputs Essay Example for Free

Organizational Outputs Essay In reviewing the article in reference to the Nadler-Tushman Congruence Model. Another quote from the article, struck me very strongly in regards to the observed organization; The bigger the gap between the formal and informal systems within the organization, the less effective the organization is. This is from the Weisbords Six Box Model and this aspect is quite apparent in the organization observed. A negative output is one of the things that should be avoided, especially regarding consumers. An agreed statistic within many business marketing modules that a dissatisfied consumer will often tell more people than a satisfied consumer. A frustrating fact, however true. Outputs are those products which are dispensed from the organization. These can include product, as already mentioned, the way consumers are treated is another factor. Outputs also include, how the organization interacts with the environment. Technically an output is any factor that the organization puts out whether through marketing, whether intentionally or unintentionally. Consumer Satisfaction There is an old saying, You cant please people all of the time. In an organization where the internal culture is to never say no. Because, we have also heard the saying, The customer is always right. An automatic conflict is built between consumer and employee. Someone, is usually wrong. And if a person is doing their job as required under organizational policy, the possibility of pleasing all of the people all of the time becomes quite low. However, in an organization pleasing every person is a near impossibility. In fact, I believe, it was Menecke who said, I dont know the sure way to success. I do know the sure way to failure, trying to please everyone all the time. Certainly a risk every organization takes is how to tell the consumer, no, while keeping that person as a consumer. Somewhat of a conundrum, as no one likes to hear the word no. This is where the earlier quote from Weisfords Six Box Model caught my particular attention. Faulty policy or the failure of an organization to uphold its own policy, creates extreme difficulties for personnel. In the organization observed, a policy would be set forth, such as a limit to the type or number of courses a student could take in an eight week period. Personnel, following policy and even double checking policy with the Director would refuse the student as directed under policy. The stated policy would then be, completely undermined if the student decided to complain. In most cases, if not all, the student was allowed the exception to having policy overturned. When a situation such as this occurs on a recurring basis, morale is severely weakened. Personnel are not trusted to do their jobs with integrity. As well as the fact, that when policy is regularly undermined, what then becomes the point of attempting to enforce any type of policy. Worse, the employee begins to give up altogether in performing their tasks with any independence. As the result is and has been personnel are wrong and can be completely overridden. The result is an organization without compass. And ultimately, in this organizational situation, it is the consumers that are hurt the worst. Personnel become surly and unwilling to help. After all, how can personnel be perceived as being helpful when every decision, no matter how small can be overturned? The situation becomes unbearable, and any attempt at creating consumer loyalty is lost. Policy should serve as that mechanism to provide the means toward providing consumer needs. When that attempt to follow policy is constantly undermined, the result, undoubtedly is weak, powerless leadership and an unwilling personnel to follow any policy that is developed. Personnel should be one of the most enthusiastic ambassadors to the community when representing the organization. The odd thing about serving the organization in this way, is that a certain pride should be taken in the work one does. A continuous undermining of the personnels ability to do the job one has been hired to accomplish. This type of output creates a hostile atmosphere, distrust is built and maintained through this constant turmoil between management, personnel and consumers. Summary Only one type of output has been mentioned in this report. The reason being that personnel are crucial to the way consumers and the public perceive the function ability of an organization. A dissatisfied representative or employee becomes complacent and extremely unwilling to attempt new devices for serving the consumer. Much less becoming innovative in the process. Frustrating employees to the point of powerlessness, is not a recommended means toward the success of an organization. Another reason, I believe in the importance of personnel and their ability is that most organizations neglect the fact that a sound, successful organization is built on the competence of employees. Yet, this seems to have become the accepted methodology among many organizations, especially older organizations. A basic principle is that personnel are the most valuable investment an organization can make. Personnel, especially those in the front line are those that have the ability to positively affect a second most important resource, consumers.

Questions Regarding Balance Sheets And Assets Finance Essay

Questions Regarding Balance Sheets And Assets Finance Essay The first type of financial asset is in the form of a claim that is kept against the earnings or the money of a firm or even a household or the Government for that matter. It is also of the form of a certification, or a receipt, a legal file or one that it maintained as a database in the computer. A financial asset is now used in accordance with the technology that has developed of late. In many cases where the traditional approach is still being used, it is also of the form of currency. The relative importance of the financial assets has changed over the past five years with the use of improved technology that the world has. There are easier sources of transportation as compared to what used to be in initial times. The financial assets can be increased in diversities because their physical form is not all that important. They do not depreciate as it used to be one of the restrictions about five decades ago. Now that the amount of securities have changed over the past many years, it is sensible to include more number of financial assets. This is because there never used to be market forces like equity, debt and derivatives in the initial days. As the options of making money through financial assets have increased so much over the past five decades, there is more number of people interested in the same. The primary risk associated with different forms of securities as a representation of financial asset is different. For examples, the debts are of high risk for the company as they have to be paid at the earliest and the equity is of highest risk for the investors as they would be paid last. (Types of financial assets, 2010) Question 10. What is meant by a off- balance sheet activity? What are some of the forces responsible for them? Off-balance sheet activities are those activities that are associated with the savings of a business which are not inclusive of loans or deposits. These activities are known to generate a good level of fees but at the same time, the liabilities or the assets that they produce or generally contingent in nature and they do not appear in the balance sheets without having the distinction of an actual asset or a liability which has a value or a cost associated with it. There are many examples of the same. Some of them include interest rate swaps, commitments in loans, resources that are associated with the selling of assets etc. The forces behind the off sheet activities are as follows: Improvement in Security Increment in Globalization Advancement in technology Innovation in the field of finance Deregulation Question 11. How does one distinguish between an off- balance sheet asset and an off balance sheet activities liability? All those entities of businesses, households and even Governments that are representation of resources which would be of a future benefit are included amongst the off-balance financial assets. It indicates a positive signal even though it is not included in the balance sheet. The benefit with the off-balance asset lies in the fact that it is not included in calculating the taxes of the firm. These are some of the items that are not mentioned in the balance sheet but would certainly require a future payment to be made. There are many examples of the same. They are litigation; guarantees issued by firms for a better performance in the future, renegotiation especially that done with the Government. The above mentioned off-balance sheet assets and liabilities can be differentiated on the basis of the positive and the negative returns that they are bound to give in the future. Even though they are not mentioned in the balance sheet, an experienced personality in finance can make a distinction based on the future prospects. (Off-Balance Sheet Liability, 2010) Question 12. What are the main off balance sheet activities undertaken by commercial banks? Due to the level of risk involved in the current financial markets, major commercial banks and even non-banking institutions, foreign institutions, and also many commercial banks have now started to use a number of ways of making non-traditional earnings as a source of income. So, there are many loan commitments and others as mentioned that are being used so as to make incomes. Amongst the mentioned activities, the major ones that are now being used predominantly by the commercial banks are as follows: Interest Rate Swaps (SWAP) This is a particular type of contract that is used to swap the rate of payment of interest from fixed to variable or even vice-versa. So, whenever there is a requirement to change a fixed rate of interest stream to that including a variable rate of interest stream, this commercial activity is adopted. The risks that are associated with the swaps is measured in terms of the swap in the rate of interest to the total assets of the company. One would generally consider a negative relationship between the measurement of swap and the rate of interest. Question 14. What is the difference between economies of scale and economies of scope? Economies of scale deals with the change in the output as compared to the cost incurred. It must be acknowledged here that the economies of scale estimates the fact that the output can be more than doubled for having lesser than double cost incurred by the firm. There is also a contradiction which is mentioned as the fact that diseconomies of scale mean to double the output would require more than doubling in the cost. Hence, economy of scale is basically a function of the production as a measurement of the cost incurred in the same. As far as economies of scope is concerned, it deals with the fact that of two firms work in a joint manner, then the concerned output would be more than the sum of the output when two forms work individually. This takes into count the fact that a joint production would require only the work of a few laborers which when working in individual forms would only interfere with the jobs of the others. So, in other words the economies of scope notifies the total amount of resources for a particular joint firm is lesser than the individual firms which are only associated with spoiling the job. The terms say that it is always better to work as joint firms rather than individual firms so as to make maximum profits. The only fault that comes along is the risk that follows. So, the cost of economies of scope just involves the risk of working together. If this can be minimized, firms should work together. Question 19. How do small bank activities differ from large bank activities? Small banks are basically involved in raising funds for businesses of a smaller level. These banks are mainly concerned with the investment of the form of foreign corporate investment, trade finance, facility of transactions internationally, and also foreign real estate. As far as the larger banks are concerned, they are basically involved in raising funds for businesses and also for registration with the Government authority of that country. Equities and debts and issues and then making sales of the same in the market are all done by the larger banks. Initially, the investment banks were indulged in more or less selling of securities but now they are also concerned with mergers and acquisitions. These banks did not deal with the general public in the past but now they have been doing that ever since the point of equality developed with the development of technology. Question 20. How has the performance of the commercial banking industry changed in the last decade? The performance of commercial banks has changed drastically over the last many years. Initially, the commercial banks would simply be engaged in investment banking. But the conditions have changed drastically ever since. The reason for the same is that it also includes the functioning of underwriting, being an intermediary between investment in public and an issue of securities amongst them. They have also started to be engaged in mergers and acquisitions even with the corporate organizations, they have also started to act like brokers for the clients in other financial institutions and banks. The commercial banks have therefore started to use the change in technology much to their benefits and also of those of the clients. So, they have made it extremely easier for the general public with the introduction of the facilities as has been mentioned.

King of the Delta Blues Singers: Robert Johnson Essay -- essays papers

King of the Delta Blues Singers: Robert Johnson The life of Robert Johnson, one of the most influential early blues artists, in shrouded by vague details and encompassed in mystery. His emotion filled playing and singing blends to form some of the most moving, original blues music ever produced. Ironically, despite being one of the top influences to blues music, little is known about the shy, mild mannered bluesman. "Almost nothing, is known about his life†¦ he is only a name on a few recordings." Where did he come from? Who was Johnson’s family. Who inspired Robert to play the blues and who influenced his music? Who exactly was Robert Johnson? Only the vague recollections of his friends and family link us to the mysterious life of Robert Johnson. From these accounts the story of Robert Johnson is brought to life, and the events which fueled his powerful music are pieced together. Robert Johnson was born on May eighth, 1911, in the heart of the Mississippi Delta. Robert was the eleventh child born to Mrs. Julia Dodds. Robert’s mother described little Robert as a playful little boy, who "Always used to be listenin, listenin to the wind or the chickens cluckin in the backyard or me, when I’d be singin round the house. And he just love church†¦ Little Robert set on my lap and try to keep time, look like, or hold on to my skirt and sort of jig up and down and laugh and laugh." (Lomax, 14) Thus, Robert was first introduced by his church into the world of music and was forever captured by its beauty. Mrs. Johnson didn’t have much trouble with Robert as a child but as he grew older, he became more and more intrigued about the extravagant life of the bluesmen, and taken by the spiritual music. He started following the musicians around, staying out all night, intrigued by the bluesman’s free lifestyle. Anyone that had a guitar, little Robert would follow off according to his mother. "Sometimes he wouldn’t come home," Robert’s mother recalls, "and a whippin never did him no good." Mrs. Johnson feared the worst for Robert, she believed the guitar was the instrument of the devil and that the music he listened to was full of sin. Robert would ease her worries by playing church songs to her, yet this never erased the fear she held inside for her son. Robert was captured by the mystery surrounding the life of the bluesmen. The women, gam... ...the blues. In 1990 a collection of Robert Johnson’s songs were put together in a two disk collection of his work. This CD set won a Grammy and sold over half a million copies. Johnson was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice, first in 1980 and again a second time as an early influence in 1986. Johnson’s mysterious, shadowy life and beautiful, emotion packed songs will continue to intrigue the minds of many for years to come. Bibliography: Booth, Stanley. Rhythm Oil. New York; Pantheon Books, 1991. Finn, Julio. The Bluesman. Brooklyn; Interlink Books, 1992. Guralnick, Peter. Searching For Robert Johnson. New York; Obelisk Books, 1989. "Johnson, Robert." CD-ROM. Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia 1996. Feb. 4. "Johnson, Robert." Encarta Online. Jan., 1999. Jan 23, 1999.. Lomax, Alan. The Land Where the Blues Began. New York; Pantheon Books, 1993. "Robert Johnson." Johnson, Robert. Dec., 1999. Jan. 23., 1999. . "Robert Johnson." Robert Johnson. May, 1999. Jan. 23.,1999. Shirley, David. Every Day I sing The Blues: The Story of B.B. King. Danbury; Grolier Publishing, 1995. "Welcome to the Crossroads" Robert Johnson. Jun., 1998. Jan., 1999..

America Needs a Variable Minimum Wage Essay -- Minimum Wage Essays

Minimum wage is the least amount of money that an employer is legally required to pay an employee. It is something that all people in the American workforce know about. It was made to prevent the employer from taking advantage of employees. It is what creates the bare minimum standard of living for the 73.9 million hourly wage workers in the United States. However, there are many different jobs with varying amount of skills that are needed for those jobs. This is where the problem arises because a worker may still be under paid for the job that they do. This problem splits the population into two main groups, one that wants the minimum wage to be raised and another that wants the minimum wage to remain the same, or to even be abolished. However there is a third and possibly more successful option that many people do not propose. Minimum wage as it stands now is too generalized and low for the scope of jobs it applies to. Therefore this third option is that working wages should vary a mong the different sectors of the workforce depending on the different skills needed and effort required for those jobs. Minimum wage was first established in 1938 during the Great Depression by President Franklin Roosevelt to protect the tens of thousands of workers working in sweat shops and factories in America from exploitation. He signed the Fair Labor Standards Act that year which introduced various regulations including banning child labor, establishing workplace safety statutes and arguably the most influential, creating a minimum wage standard of 25 cents per hour. Historically, many employers and fiscal conservatives violently opposed the law arguing that minimum wage could hurt employers, much as they argue now. But President Roosevelt'... ....S 1)" as people who earn this wage can not afford health insurance. It is not enough to handle the different needs of the people who work in different work places and is not acceptable for people who work for far less than they legally should get. Works Cited Soltas, Evans."Two Reasons Not to Raise minimum WageWage". Bloomberg News, Web Jan 03, 2013. Messerli Joe. "Should the Minimum Wage be Abolished (i.e Reduced to $0.00)". BalancedPolitics, web. Oct 12, 2013. Romer, Christina. "The Business of the Minimum Wage" NYTIMES, web. March 2, 2013. The Economist."Trickle-up Economics; Raising the minimum wage" 16 Feb. 2013: 30(US), Student Resources in Context. Web, 18 Oct, 2013. "History of the United States' Minimum Wage" Marathon Studios Enterprises, web. 30 Oct, 2013 Winter, Michael. "L.A. to boost minimum wage to $15", USA TODAY May 19, 2015 America Needs a Variable Minimum Wage Essay -- Minimum Wage Essays Minimum wage is the least amount of money that an employer is legally required to pay an employee. It is something that all people in the American workforce know about. It was made to prevent the employer from taking advantage of employees. It is what creates the bare minimum standard of living for the 73.9 million hourly wage workers in the United States. However, there are many different jobs with varying amount of skills that are needed for those jobs. This is where the problem arises because a worker may still be under paid for the job that they do. This problem splits the population into two main groups, one that wants the minimum wage to be raised and another that wants the minimum wage to remain the same, or to even be abolished. However there is a third and possibly more successful option that many people do not propose. Minimum wage as it stands now is too generalized and low for the scope of jobs it applies to. Therefore this third option is that working wages should vary a mong the different sectors of the workforce depending on the different skills needed and effort required for those jobs. Minimum wage was first established in 1938 during the Great Depression by President Franklin Roosevelt to protect the tens of thousands of workers working in sweat shops and factories in America from exploitation. He signed the Fair Labor Standards Act that year which introduced various regulations including banning child labor, establishing workplace safety statutes and arguably the most influential, creating a minimum wage standard of 25 cents per hour. Historically, many employers and fiscal conservatives violently opposed the law arguing that minimum wage could hurt employers, much as they argue now. But President Roosevelt'... ....S 1)" as people who earn this wage can not afford health insurance. It is not enough to handle the different needs of the people who work in different work places and is not acceptable for people who work for far less than they legally should get. Works Cited Soltas, Evans."Two Reasons Not to Raise minimum WageWage". Bloomberg News, Web Jan 03, 2013. Messerli Joe. "Should the Minimum Wage be Abolished (i.e Reduced to $0.00)". BalancedPolitics, web. Oct 12, 2013. Romer, Christina. "The Business of the Minimum Wage" NYTIMES, web. March 2, 2013. The Economist."Trickle-up Economics; Raising the minimum wage" 16 Feb. 2013: 30(US), Student Resources in Context. Web, 18 Oct, 2013. "History of the United States' Minimum Wage" Marathon Studios Enterprises, web. 30 Oct, 2013 Winter, Michael. "L.A. to boost minimum wage to $15", USA TODAY May 19, 2015

From Teleworking to E-Work :: essays research papers

From Teleworking to E-Work The following was an invited contribution to The West Berkshire Labour Conference, which was held in July 2000 by Thames Valley Enterprise (the predecessor of the Business Link business development agency). Over the last few years improvements in portable computers and mobile communications (boosted by services from locally based Vodafone) has seen a growth in the use of virtual working and e-working (electronic working). Much of this has happened in an ad-hoc way as managers and professionals simply adapt to working in a location independent manner - in hotels, airport lounges, at home and on the move. This e-conference is an example of virtual working, where previously there would have been a real conference. In other words, business activities that once would have been specially earmarked as telework are now becoming part and parcel of everyday work - but not fast enough. The Aspiration Gap Various surveys show that about 5 per cent of UK workers are classified as teleworkers i.e. they spend significant time working away from offices using telecommunications. Yet the most remarkable finding is that some two thirds of employees would like to telework if their bosses would let them. The challenge, as always, is one of management. Managers must learn to manage at a distance. They must plan and develop work methods that allow - even encourage - employees to work in the most effective settings, which may be at home or in a shared satellite office away from areas of high rents and labour shortages, like West Berkshire. They must learn how to gauge employee's performance by outputs not by inputs (i.e. time spent sitting in the office). None of this is new. There is now over a decade's worth of proven cases where organizations, such as Siemens, Sedgwick, Oxfordshire County Council, have gained significant benefits from telework, and many practical guidelines (see Resources at e nd). Formal Telework Programmes Companies that have fully achieved significant benefits have done so through a formal telework programme. While ad-hoc or informal teleworking will have some benefits (mostly for the employee!), only a systematic approach will gain the organization-wide benefits that are achievable. Simply because someone can use a mobile telephone and portable computer does not mean a) that they are effective as they could be; and b) that the organization's work system as whole is optimized. A typical formal programme has the following elements:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A focused programme team with representatives from different parts of the business and specialists in the disciplines needed - technology, change management, work design etc.

Marketing Plan for a Pest Control Company Essay

Executive Summary: One of the major tasks that need to be recognized by a pest control company is to create awareness among the business firms and the residents and to improve on the market offerings and services to deal with the problem of pests. The pests could include the rat control at domestic premises, bird control, household and nuisance pests which include cricket, ants, cockroaches, beetles; animal pests which include mice, snakes, stray dogs and cats; disease vectors like spiders, moths, bees, mosquitoes etc. The company should highlight its profile and indicate its presence and communicate to the target audience that they offer the pest control services at competitive prices than other service providers. Based on the customer satisfaction survey conducted it was clear that the level of satisfaction was lower and the areas which required improvement was in the follow up service, provide more detailed information about the product and allow better and faster response time. Thus the pest control company has to regularly carry out surveys on satisfaction and the needs and wants of the target groups. Environmental Analysis: The marketing plan needs to get insight into the health and environmental safety looking towards appropriate pest identification and its management along with concern towards storage of the pesticide, transportation, its usage and the disposal factor. The pest control company should identify and create awareness of the reduction of pesticide usage and to enhance the protection of the environment with minimum contamination of the environment by being economical which is possible only if the company identifies efficient pest management and control techniques there by complying to the necessary regulations and the laws. SWOT Analysis: The opportunities and threats which the pest control company will face are the probable dimensions and changes that the market will be affected by, the competitive forces and the buying dynamics of the consumers and identification of the target audience are the crucial factors which need to be considered and tapping upon the un-noticed market segment by keeping the eyes open and being focused. The weakness would be in terms of the double-income household sector whose availability and access to is difficult for the companies to approach during their business hours. Another weakness the company faces is on the pricing strategy where in based on the differences in the climate from place to place, the price will be fixed upon. Marketing Objectives: The pest control company’s main objective should be to define their target segment which could be the private house owners, private landlords, and private tenants, local business houses by increasing awareness among them by implementing a strong marketing and communication plan on the measures of pest control service that will help in protecting the goods, property, environment and public health from pests. The firm should also try to enhance upon their professionalism to ensure customer focused service and increase the customer satisfaction levels. Improve value for money and generate higher income for business houses or pest control service providers by not compromising upon the highest quality within the limits of the budget and the financial constraints. Marketing Strategies: In order to hatch upon a good marketing plan the pest control company needs to learn the fine art of selling their services. The firm initially can start with cross marketing which involves educating the present clients or customers about the added offerings so that no extra costs are incurred on marketing and the existing clientele will indeed help in getting most of the business. The firm will focus upon the current marketing channels and adopt a concentrated marketing effort which includes websites,  Ã‚   advertisements, logos on trucks, making a thorough presentation to the target audiences by identifying the right kind of message that needs to be positioned in their minds. Some additional strategies that could be adopted are: Use Traditional methods: Market the add-on services on the yellow pages of the directory, running on newspaper or radio ads or leaflets / flyers or billboards. Network Marketing: This is a strong marketing technique which deals with reaching out to the references provided of other businesses or house owners by either distributing postcards and leaflets and coupons to every customers irrespective of their need so that at least when they spread the word of mouth publicity is guaranteed. Personal Approach to train and demonstrate the masses: Setting up meetings, workshops, presentations, seminars with the prospective clients at various clubs and organizations would depict the authenticity of the marketing approach. Need Identification and Be Focused: The Company should identify on its own if any group of the target market require the pest control mechanism to be implemented which will give a positive impressions to the audiences that they will be provided with proper after sales support. Encouraging to have ones own website development for creating awareness with full of content and information can make the online business advance in its sales margin, provide wider choices to the consumers and deal with those who encountered lots of confusion by projecting strong messages with a catchy brand name and servicing their queries 24/7.

Women’s Rights in Developing Countries

Not unknown to us is the fact that in many countries, inequality between men and women still exists. In gender differences for example in earnings and occupations of American women , the ratio of female to male earnings among full time workers was roughly constant from the 1950’s to the early 1980’s and the segregation of occupations by sex is substantial and has declined only slightly across the last century (Goldin, 1994). This problem is even worse in developing countries where people suffer from appalling poverty. Evidence of gender inequality and exploitation of women exist in most societies, yet some of the worst cases are found in the developing world. The murder of some five thousand woman annually in India by dissatisfied husbands; the enslavement of women working in Pakistan’s brick-making industry; wife beatings in Zambia and the Andes; and the sale of child brides are only a few of the many instances of women’s subservient status in many Third World countries (Sadelksi, 1997). Countries that do not sufficiently meet its necessary sustenance can even have bigger rifts in the disparity between men and women. Studies show that in developing countries, severity of inequality to health, life expectancy at birth, quality of life, workload, education, legal rights, and economic mobility are some of the areas where men and women differ (Witwer, 1997; World Conference on Women, 1995; & Huyer, 1997 as cited in Park, n. d. ). The burden of this inequality between men and women is compounded by the failure of some developing countries to recognize women’s rights. In Asia, women work more than men but they get paid less. Fifty percent (50%) of food production in Asia comes from the sector of women but they get little recognition for that (Shah, 2007). Faced by this issue, we can say that although developing countries have relatively moved from an extreme patriarchic society to a more permissive structure allowing both sexes to freely exercise their rights, women continue to be unwilling victims of discrimination. Indeed men and women are created uniquely, however in our society, the women are always taken as the inferior one, supporting the men. According to Plato’s â€Å"The Republic† (in Ebenstein & Ebenstein, 2000), there is no occupation concerned with the management of social affairs which belongs to woman or to man, as such. Natural gifts are to be found here and there in both creatures alike; and every occupation is open to both, so far as their natures are concerned, though woman is for all purposes the weaker. But is this convention enough reason to strip women of their rights and abuse them? It seems illogical that because women are women, they would be taken as weaker and more inferior. It is only an issue of gender. Gender is a social construction that although useful has been dominated by a male bias and is particularly oppressive to women (Littlejohn, 2002). This is construction is nothing but a false ideology that made us believe that we are thinking are necessarily true, when in fact they are not. An international organization that facilitates international law and security, the United Nations established a commission on the status of women in 1946 (Division, 2005). Since 1975 conferences have been made and provided avenue for women all around the globe to voice out their sentiments and situations. Consequently, several declarations have been created such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Office, n. d. ) and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (United Nations, 2000). But the question still remains- are these being observed in most countries? In some places, claims are made that women’s rights will be respected more, yet policies are sometimes not changed enough, thus still undermining the rights of women (Shah, 2007). Looking at the issue closely, there is the undeniable truth that yes, policies are existing to protect women from abuses. But what we fail to see is that the implementation of these policies are sometimes met by resistance, nit so much because the people does not like to establish relative order in their society but because the complex nature of culture would not easily permit these changes to happen. Relative order because for all we know, developing countries’ society see themselves as ordered despite infringes on women’s rights. For example, in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, early marriage of girls is common. The threat of HIV induces parents to marry their daughters in the mistaken belief that this will protect them from infection (Women’s Rights, n. . ). In Pakistan, honor killings directed at women have been carried for even the slightest reasons (Shah, 2007). It surely is not easy to change tradition overnight. In many developing countries, the sad truth of continued unfair treatment to women exists. In some regions they are not allowed to inherit or own property, meaning that a woman without a male protection has very few ways to support herself or her children. Moreover, stigma and ridicule prevents women from bringing cases to courts that may rectify injustices (UNAIDS, UNFPA, & UNIFEM, n. d. ). Moreover, women during their lifetime meets various discrimination that include foeticide and infanticide. In many developing countries where preference for sons exists, misuse of diagnostic tools can aid in determining gender of babies. Death from pregnancy complications and childbirth has also been accounted highest in developing countries (Shah, 2007). These clearly show us how culture can be against the rights of women. They are denied of their right to live even at conception when men are given more privilege. They suffer from lack of medical attention when they carry children and their partners go footloose. Aside from cultural issues, some other facets of women’s rights violated include education (Jejeebhoy, 1995; Malhotra & Mather, 1997), discrimination in the workplace (Shah, 2007; Malhotra & Mather, 1997), reproductive rights (Jejeebhoy, 1995; Shah, 2007), and even how women are portrayed in the media (Shah, 2007). In almost every setting, regardless of region, culture or level of development, well-educated women have a greater say in their lives (Jejeebhoy, 1995). However in developing countries where education is beyond the reach of most women, how can we expect them to have better lives? According to UNICEF (2007) because women have to spent much of their time at home, they get paid less in their jobs. And even if women have the financial power, they do not necessarily have power over family decisions (Malhotra & Mather, 1997). Women’s rights refers to the freedoms inherently possessed by women and girls of all ages, which may be institutionalized, ignored or suppressed by law, custom and behavior in a particular society (Hosken, 1981). These rights are meant to protect women from the oppression that they are experiencing and also provide opportunities to empower themselves. In developing countries where tradition is more prevalent than reason, it is not easy for women to safeguard themselves. For a society that has existed with a certain practice whether oppressive or not to women, change can only happen if the need arises. We cannot expect cultures to suddenly reorganize simply because they appear barbaric to us. No, this will be imperialism. Taking into consideration the history of most colonized countries, the suppression of cultural practices has become more of a disadvantage. This is not to say that women should be left on their own and wait for society to feel the need to uplift the status of women. According to Human Rights Watch (n. d. ) arguments that sustain and excuse these human rights abuses – those of cultural norms, â€Å"appropriate† rights for women, or western imperialism – barely disguise their true meaning: that women's lives matter less than men's. Cultural relativism, which argues that there are no universal human rights and that rights are culture-specific and culturally determined, is still a formidable and corrosive challenge to women's rights to equality and dignity in all facets of their lives. What is needed now is a more realistic creation of rights that would not clash with the culture. There should always be harmony between policies and customs for after all, quoting from the book The Little Prince, â€Å"Authority rests on reason. † Women’s rights, just like any other right need to be observed and defend everyone from all kinds of oppression. Societies have gone past primitive to a more modern setting and hopefully this development would be instrumental to the empowerment of women and creation of a better society.

Medical Billing Process Essay

The medical billing process is when claims are filed to insurance companies requesting payment to providers who rendered the services to a patient. There are ten steps to make this process that we went over earlier in the class. Those ten steps include preregistering the patients, establish financial responsibilities for visits, check in patients, check out patients, review coding compliance, check billing compliance, prepare and transmit claims, monitor payer adjudication, generate patient statements, and follow up patient payments and collections. I think it goes along with the first step and all throughout. We use HIPAA to get insurance information from the patients and their demographic information to schedule appointments. HIPAA is there to protect the patient’s information. When you get ready to check out the ICD code book and the CPT codes would be used to get the diagnosis, treatment, and procedures. For the HCPCS codes, they do not provide any information about the diagnosis, just about what procedure was performed. The HCPCS codes are used to process outpatient services and professional services. ICD codes are required by HIPAA for inpatient services. The coding is done by the coding team that codes based on the information provided by the doctor. The people handle the medical billing process have to make sure they keep the patient information confidential because of HIPAA regulations. All the coding must be documented correctly so that you will not have any issues with payments.

Dc Power Supply Design

Abstract: The main aim of this assignment is to design a pre amplifier circuit with an NPN transistor to be used in a simple public address (PA) system. The pre amplifier is fed from a microphone that produces an average output voltage of 10 mV rms. The amplifier is to operate over a frequency range of 300 Hz to 5 kHz and should have an adjustable volume control. The expected gain of the amplifier is 100.First we are going to design an amplifier for given specifications, model the operation of the circuit using h-parameter and r-parameter model, use computer aided design software to analyze the circuit performance and demonstrate the working of the circuit by hardware implementation. Then, we will plot the frequency response of the circuit and analyze the effect of the emitter bypass capacitor. Finally we will compare the mid-band gain, bandwidth and lower cutoff frequency obtained from the simulation result and the hardware implementation with the designed values. Chapter 1Introduct ion: Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) is a three terminal device with three regions (Emitter, Base and Collector) and two PN junctions (Emitter-Base junction and Base-Collector junction). Since there are two junctions that means there are four possible ways of biasing a transistor. If both junctions are forward biased then the transistor will operate in the saturation region. If both junctions are reverse biased then the transistor will operate in the cut of region. These two conditions of operation are used when the transistor is needed to work as a switch.To use a transistor as an amplifier, the emitter base junction should be forward biased and the collector base junction should be reverse biased. Amplifier is an electronic circuit that can amplify signals applied to its input terminal. If an AC signal is given to a transistor amplifier it will produce an AC base current. This AC base current will produce a much larger AC collector current since IC=? IB. The AC collector current produces an AC voltage across the load resistor RL, thus producing an amplified, but inverted, reproduction of the AC input voltage in the active region of operations.DC load line is a sloping straight line connecting all the operating points of a transistor biasing drawn on the output characteristics of the transistor and the intersection point gives the Quiescent point (Q-point). A prober Q-point should be in the middle of the DC load line. Selecting a good Q-point prevents the transistor from going into the cutoff or the saturation region and gives more stability. A fixed bias (i. e. base bias) circuit or a voltage divider bias circuit can be used for this assignment but a voltage divider circuit is more efficient.The main disadvantage in a fixed bias circuit is that ? ac depends on temperature, which means ? ac is not stable. And when ? ac changes, IC will change(IC=? IB) and VCE will change. The changes in IC and VCE make the Q-point unstable. Whereas in voltage divider bias c ircuit, IC is independent of ? ac and hence the Q-point is more stable. Voltage divider bias is widely used because reasonably good stability reached with a single power supply. Chapter 2 Problem Description: The problem is to design and fabricate a pre amplifier circuit with an NPN transistor to be used in a simple public address (PA) system.The input of the pre amplifier circuit is taken from a microphone that produces an average output voltage of 10 mV rms. The amplifier is to operate over a frequency range of 300 Hz to 5 kHz. Also, it should have an adjustable volume control. The expected voltage gain of the amplifier is 100. Design Specifications: Voltage gain = 100 Lower cut off frequency = 300Hz Vin = 10mV (rms) RL = 10k? DC power supply = 10V to 15V Type of transistor – NPN We will begin our assignment by selecting a suitable transistor. Then we will decide on a DC voltage supply and assume a prober Q-point (IC, VCE) to carry out the design.We will start the design by calculating the values of Resistors RC and RE and the voltage divider resistors R1 and R2. After that we will calculate the values of the two coupling capacitors (C1 and C2) and the emitter bypass capacitor (CE) for the required cut off frequency. After finishing the mathematical model we will simulate the circuit using OrCAD to analyze the circuit performance. Then, after finishing the simulation, we will assemble the circuit using approximate values of the calculated ones. Finally, we will compare the simulation results with the hardware results.The results we will be focusing on are the voltage gain, the cutoff frequency and the Bandwidth. Chapter 3 Circuit Diagram and Design: Av = 100 FL = 300Hz Av = 100 FL = 300Hz Figure 1 – Circuit Diagram Step1 – Selection of Transistor, Supply Voltage (VCC) and Collector Current (IC): The selected transistor should have a minimum current gain (? ) that is equal to or greater than the desired voltage gain. Therefore, we will us e Q2N2222 in this assignment. Since the output voltage swing is not specified in this assignment, we will choose 12V as our voltage supply. We will choose IC as 4 mA. Transistor: Q2N2222Supply Voltage: VCC = 12 V Collector Current: IC = 4 mA * To carry out the design we need to draw the dc equivalent circuit. Figure 2 – DC Equivalent Circuit Step2 – Design of Collector Resistor (RC) and Emitter Resistor (RE): VCE = 50% VCC = 50% ? 12 = 6 V VE = 10% VCC = 10% ? 12 = 1. 2 V VRC = VCC – VE – VCE = 12 – 6 – 1. 2 = 4. 8 V RC = VRCIC = 4. 8 V4 mA = 1. 2 k? RE = VEIE = VEIC = 1. 2 V4 mA = 300 ? , since IC ? IE Step3 – Design of Voltage Divider R1 and R2: ? = 100 (data sheet) R2 = ? RE10= 100? 30010 = 3 k? VB = VBE + VE = 0. 7 + 1. 2 = 1. 9 V VB = VCCR2R1+R2 R1 = VCCR2VB+R2 = 100? 3k1. +3k = 16 k? * Now we need to draw the ac equivalent circuit. Figure 3 – AC Equivalent Circuit Step4 – Design of RE1 and RE2: RE = RE1 + RE2 Rout = Rc || RL = 1. 2? 101. 2+10= 1 k? r'e = 26mIE = 26mIC = 6. 5 ? AV = Routr'e+RE1 r'e+RE1= RoutAv = 1k100 = 10 ? RE1 =10 – r'e = 10 – 6. 5 = 3. 5 ? RE2 = RE – RE1 = 300 – 3. 5 = 296. 5 ? Step5 – Design of Coupling Capacitors C1 and C2: hie = Rin (base) = ? (r'e+RE1) = 100 ? (3. 5 + 6. 5) = 1 k? Rin (tot) = R1 || R2 || Rin (base) = 1116+13+11 = 716. 4 ? XC1 = Rin(tot)10 = 716. 410 = 71. 64 ? C1 = 12? fLXC1 = 12 300? 71. 64 = 7. 4  µF XC2 = RC + RL = 1. 2 + 10 = 11. k? C2 = 12? fLXC2 = 12 300? 11200 = 47. 4 nF Step6 – Design of Bypass Capacitor CE: R’S = R1 || R2 = 16. 09? 316. 09+3 = 2. 5 k? Re = RE2 ||{ R’S ? + (r'e+RE1)} = 296. 5 ||{ 2500 100+ (6. 5+3. 5)} = 296. 5? 35296. 5+35 = 31. 3 ? XCE = Re10 = 31. 310 = 3. 13 ? CE = 12? fLXCE = 12 300? 3. 13 = 169. 5  µF Av = 100 FL = 300Hz Av = 100 FL = 300Hz Figure 4 – Circuit Diagram with values Simulation Results: With CE: Mid-band gain, AV = 99. 8 Lower Cutoff Frequency, FL = 334 Hz Higher Cutoff Frequency, FH = 20. 6 MHz Bandwidth, BW = FH – FL = 20. 6 M – 334 = 20. 6 MHz Without CE: Mid-band gain, AV = 3. 5Lower Cutoff Frequency, FL = 305 Hz Higher Cutoff Frequency, FH = 46 MHz Bandwidth, BW = FH – FL = 46 M – 305 = 46 MHz (Circuit Diagram and Frequency Response are enclosed along with this report) Chapter 4 Hardware Fabrication and Testing Details: During circuit assembling process we tried to find the nearest values to the calculated ones. These are the values we used: RC = 1. 2 k? we selected1. 2 k? RE1 = 3. 5 ? we selected4. 5 ? RE2 = 296. 5 ? we selected270 ? R1 = 16 k? we selected15 k? R2 = 3 k? we selected2. 2 k? C1 = 7. 4  µF we selected10  µF C2 = 47. 4 nF we selected47 nF CE = 169. 5  µF we selected147  µF Procedure: . Assembled the circuit on a breadboard and connected a DC power supply of 12V. 2. Applied a sine wave of 10 mV amplitude and 100 Hz frequency to the input. 3. Observed the output waveform in the CRO and noted down the amplitude. 4. Increased the input signal frequency in steps, without changing its amplitude, and noted down the output amplitude at each step. 5. Calculated the voltage gain of the amplifier by the equation, AV = Vout/Vin found the voltage gain in dB by the equation, AV (dB) = 10 log (AV). 6. Plotted the frequency response curve and found the frequencies (fL and fH) for which the gain reaches 0. 07 of mid band gain. 7. Found the frequency range between fL and fH which gives the bandwidth of the amplifier. Hardware Results: With CE: Frequency (Hz)| Vout (mV)| AV| AV (dB)| log f| 100| 182| 18. 2| 25. 20| 2. 0| 500| 662| 66. 2| 36. 42| 2. 7| 1 k| 750| 75. 0| 37. 50| 3. 0| 5 k| 784| 78. 4| 37. 89| 3. 7| 10 k| 786| 78. 6| 37. 91| 4. 0| 50 k| 786| 78. 6| 37. 91| 4. 7| 100 k| 786| 78. 6| 37. 91| 5. 0| 500 k| 786| 78. 6| 37. 91| 5. 7| 1 M| 786| 78. 6| 37. 91| 6. 0| 2 M| 784| 78. 4| 37. 89| 6. 3| 5 M| 770| 77. 0| 37. 73| 6. 7| 10 M| 728| 72. 8| 37. 24| 7. 0| 50 M| 344| 34. 4| 30. 73| 7. 7| 100 M| 182| 18. 2| 25. 0| 8. 0| Mid-band gain, AV = 78. 6 Lower Cutoff Frequency, FL = 2. 6 B = 398 Hz Higher Cutoff Frequency, FH = 7. 35 B = 17. 78 MHz Bandwidth, BW = FH – FL = 17. 78 M – 398 = 17. 78 MHz Without CE: Frequency (Hz)| Vout (mV)| AV| AV (dB)| log f| 100| 12| 1. 2| 1. 58| 2. 0| 500| 32| 3. 2| 10. 10| 2. 7| 1 k| 36| 3. 6| 11. 13| 3. 0| 5 k| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 3. 7| 10 k| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 4. 0| 50 k| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 4. 7| 100 k| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 5. 0| 500 k| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 5. 7| 1 M| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 6. 0| 2 M| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 6. 3| 5 M| 38| 3. 8| 11. 60| 6. 7| 10 M| 36| 3. 6| 11. 13| 7. 0| 50 M| 26| 2. 6| 8. 0| 7. 7| 100 M| 18| 1. 8| 5. 10| 8. 0| Mid-band gain, AV = 78. 6 Lower Cutoff Frequency, FL = 2. 55 B = 356 Hz Higher Cutoff Frequency, FH = 7. 6 B = 39. 81 MHz Bandwidth, BW = FH – FL = 39. 81 M – 356 = 39. 81 MHz (Frequency responses of the circuit with and without CE are enclosed along with this report) (Frequency responses of the circuit with and without CE are enclosed along with this report) Chapter 5 Discussion and Conclusion: * First of all, there are several ways and various methods to design a common emitter amplifier or so-called RC coupled amplifier that are completely different than the one we used.We did not choose this method because it is the best method, actually, there is no such a thing called the best method. There are simple ways and there are more accurate ways. It depends on the primary assumptions, the design specifications and the thumb rules used. Simply, the method we used achieved the design requirements and accomplished desired results. * An Amplifier is a circuit that is capable of amplifying signals applied to its input terminal. The main component in any amplifier circuit is usually a transistor.Since the transistor configuration we used is a common emitter configuration, the circuit is called a Common Emitter Amplifier. Unlike other configurat ions, CE amplifier exhibit high voltage gain and high current gain. Generally, the process of a common emitter amplifier can be explained in three steps. First, the AC input signal produces an AC base current. Then, This AC base current will produce a much larger AC collector current since IC=? IB. After that, The AC collector current produces an AC voltage across the load resistor RL, thus producing an amplified, but inverted, reproduction of the AC input voltage. To use a transistor as an amplifier it should be operated in the active region (linear region). To set a transistor in the active region both junctions, Emitter-Base junction and Base-Collector junction, should be forward biased. Since changes in in temperature and other factors during the amplification process may drive the transistor into the cutoff or the saturation region, the Q-point should be in the middle of the active region to enhance the stability of the amplifier. * We preferred using a voltage divider bias cir cuit over other biasing circuits because in this kind of biasing circuits, IC is independent of ? nd therefore the Q-point is more stable. Voltage divider bias circuit is widely used because of the good stability reached with a single power supply. * C1 and C2 are called coupling capacitors. They pass ac from one side to another and block dc from appearing at the output side. In addition to that, C1 act as a high pass filter on the input signal and its value must be chosen so that it does not attenuate the frequencies which are to be amplified. Similarly, C2 also must be prevented from attenuating the output signal. * The bypass capacitor CE provides an effective short to the ac signal round the emitter resistor RE2, thus keeping only RE1 seen by the ac signal between the emitter and ground. Therefore, with the bypass capacitor, the gain of the amplifier is maximum and equal to AV=Routr'e+RE1 . Without the bypass capacitor, both RE1 and RE2 are seen by the ac signal between the emit ter and ground and effectively add to r'e in the voltage gain formula. Hence, AV=Routr'e+RE1+RE2 . * r'e is a dynamic resistor that depends on temperature. If AV was dependent only on r'e, and RE1 was not there (i. e. AV=Routr'e ), AV will be unstable over changes in temperature because when r'e increases, the gain decreases and vice versa.In order to minimize the effect of r'e without reducing the voltage gain to its minimum value we partially bypassed the total emitter resistance RE. This is known as swamping which is a compromise between having a bypass capacitor across RE and not having a bypass capacitor at all. RE1 should be at least ten times greater than r'e to minimize the effect of it. In our design RE1 is less than r'e and hence it will not do anything other than slightly reducing the gain to be about 100. In other words, in our design RE1 is somehow useless. * At lower frequencies, a capacitor will act as an open circuit.At higher frequencies, a capacitor will act as a s hort circuit. That is because the capacitive reactance is inversely proportional to the frequency (XC=1/2? fC). In an RC coupled amplifier circuits, at lower frequencies, more voltage drops across C1 and C2 because their reactance is very high. This higher signal voltage drop reduces the voltage gain of the amplifier. Similarly, at lower frequencies, the reactance of the bypass capacitor (CE) increases and this reactance in parallel with RE1 create an impedance that reduces the voltage gain.This is why RC coupled amplifier circuits have less voltage gain at lower frequencies than they have at higher frequencies. However, at higher frequencies, the reactance of the internal transistor junction capacitance goes down and when it becomes small enough, a portion of the output signal voltage is fed back out of phase with the input, thus effectively reducing the voltage gain. * Our hardware implementation results and simulation results were different. Obviously, that is because we did not find the exact values for our design. There was a notable difference between the design values and the values we have selected, especially for R2.The cutoff frequency (fL=398 Hz) is somehow acceptable but the mid band gain (AV=78. 6) is a little bit less than the desired one. Increasing the value of R2 could have solved the problem. It could have increased the voltage gain and reduced the cutoff frequency. * One of the aims of the design is to have an adjustable volume control. There are several ways to do this. One of them, and I think it’s the best, is by using a variable resistor in place of RE1 (i. e. a 100 ? variable resistor). Basically, this resistor is inversely proportional to the voltage gain (AV=Routr'e+RE1 ).Reducing the value of RE1 will increase the voltage gain, thereby increasing the volume and vice versa. References: 1. Theodore F. Bogart, Jefferey S. Beasley and Guilermo Rico (2004). Electronic Devices and Circuits. India: Pearson Education, Inc. 2. Thomas L . Floyd (2005). Electronic Devices. 7th ed. India: Pearson Education, Inc. 3. HyperPhysics  (2004)  Common Emitter Amplifier,[online] Available at: http://hyperphysics. phy-astr. gsu. edu/hbase/electronic/npnce. html [Accessed: 20th Nov 2011]. 4. Scribd  (2006)  Common Emitter Amplifier,  [online] Available at: http://www. cribd. com/doc/27767944/Common-Emitter-Amplifier [Accessed: 25th Nov 2011]. 5. Visionics  (2005)  RC Coupled Amplifier,  [online] Available at: http://www. visionics. ee/curriculum/Experiments/RC%20Ampr/RC%20Coupled%20Amplifier1. html [Accessed: 1st Nov 2011]. 6. SSIT  (2006)  Analog Electronic Circuits,  [online] Available at: http://www. ssit. edu. in/dept/assignment/aeclabmanual. pdf [Accessed: 5th Nov 2011]. 7. Edutalks  (2007)  RC Coupled Amplifier,  [online] Available at: http://www. edutalks. org/electronics%20lab%20manual%201. pdf [Accessed: 7th Nov 2011].